New Light Theory - Abstract
Proposed is a new photon model (light theory) which is substantiated by a
number of theoretical and experimental results which better explain the
nature of light compared to the current "accepted" models.
Experiments were carried out using microwave equipment at a frequency of
10.5 gigahertz with a Gunn diode oscillator, producing a low potency and
very coherent radar beam.
In the first experiment the linear polarization was focused by a parabolic
dish, the signal was received by a horn antenna and a diode coupled to a
field strength meter. In the middle of the beam path a metallic plate was
inserted so that the edge intercepted half the beam, and was moved
horizontally by a mechanism, making measures of the field strength every
millimeter.
The obtained graph demonstrated that the free spaces are from the movement
of a double cycloid.
In the second experiment, the arrangement was the same as the first, but in
this case the parabolic dish and the horn antenna were replaced by two
helical antennas. The graph showed a different plot, which suggested helical
type trajectories found in circular polarization.
These two experiments suggest that the photon is made of two particles.
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History of Light
Scientists have tried to elucidate the nature of light since the beginning
of time. Newton, in the seventeenth century, asserted that light was formed
by very tiny corpuscles (particles).
Later, Huygens stated that light was a wave, basing this affirmation on its
undulatory (wave like) characteristics; however the author believes a wave
is not viable without a medium that could transmit it.
It was then when the concept of "ether" (the medium) was invented, but the
investigators Michelson and Morley`s made experiments demonstrating that
ether does not exist. Simultaneously, they also demonstrated a more
important fact: The speed of light is constant.
At the beginning of this century, Planck and Einstein did not agree with the
undulatory theory of light; rather they supported the corpuscle theory and
called them photons, each formed by one particle, traveling in a straight
line when acting within dimensions larger than its wavelength.
However, when observing very small objects whose dimensions are in the same
order of magnitude as the lights wavelength, it appears as if light turns
around; so its trajectory is curved and since it fits mathematically to sine
equations, it has been believed that light trajectory is sinusoidal.
Also, Newton determined that red light particles are larger than blue ones,
both being corpuscles. He reinforced the fact that when two light beams
cross one another, practically no collisions occur. Only when light beams
travel in slightly convergent trajectories such as when making experiments
concerning interference of one and two slots, light interferes with itself,
canceling the beam if the phase differential is 180 degrees, and doubling
the intensity if the differential is 0 or 360 degrees.
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Mistakes of the Current Photon Model
All the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation (including visible light) from
long-wave radio frequencies to cosmic rays is constituted by photons.
Although the current models suggest a photon is a single particle,
experiments have demonstrated that a photon can exist in 2 places
simultaneously.
If it only a single particle it is diffucult to undestand why photons have a
spin equal to one, when most of subatomic particles have spins of + - 1/2?
This sole fact suggests two particles rather than one in one photon. Or, as
Hawking suggests for a spinning subatomic particle: "when particles have
spins equal to one, a gyration of 360ª should be produced, so its position
is the same than initial one."
Another common misconception, is to define light color by its wave length,
but this view does not take into account other factors , since it also
depends on its velocity, which in turn depends on the media in which it
moves, such as air, vacuum, water, crystal, etc.
If the equation stating that velocity is the product of wavelength by
frequency, then when velocity decreases, what other variable changes,
frequency or wavelength?
As color does not change when passing to through other mediums, it suggests
that frequency remains constant while wavelength decreases in size.
Therefore, color depends only on frequency. But how can a photon, being a
single particle "remember" its color? Or in other words, how can a single
particle be frequency coded?
The present photon model cannot explain the different polarization
properties, or how a photon moves in a lineal or elliptical polarization. If
a photon is a single particle, how can it be explained that its total charge
is zero, while it produces an electric and magnetic field?
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New Photon Model
Consider, in dynamic equilibrium, a photon formed by two particles whose
electric charges are opposed, and for this reason they attract each other.
This attraction is equilibrated by the centrifugal force generated when
rotating one with the other. By rotating electrical charged particles, a
perpendicular magnetic field is generated, also perpendicular to a stationary
Observer.
Pictures and formulas are omitted !
See -- http://www.lighttheory.com/proposed.htm
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See for experiments - - http://www.lighttheory.com/experiments.htm
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Dual Particle Nature of Light Proofs
This model explains the following:
1) The duality planet particle-wave.
2) The reason why it is not possible to have a photon at rest.
3) It is not possible to distinguish if a photon is emitted by matter or
antimatter, this sole fact suggests that the photon has to have two opposed
electrical charges.
4) It is possible with this model to have a total visualization of the three
different polarizations.
5) Due to the electrical charges which are affected by external electrons of
matter, it is well understood the phenomena of diffraction and refraction,
as well as the interference patterns of one and two slots.
6) The best proof was made with a microwave oscillator and a receptor
measuring the field strength, showing clearly the paths of photons in both
lineal and circular polarizations (see experiments)
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How does Light work References
[1]Feynman Richard R., The strange theory of light and matter, Princeton
University Press,7th ed. p.37,(1988).
[2]M. Tischler, Microwave Antennas, Science Instruments Company SIC3634 (1988).
[3]Bhattacharyya Asoke K., High-Frecuency Electromagnetic Techniques: Recent
Advances and Applications, pp.253-255, Wiley-interscience publication (1995)
[4]Natarajan T.S., Phys.Essays.,9,No.2, pp301-310, (1996)
[5]Natarajan T.S., Do Quantum Particles Have a Structure?, Department of
Physics, Indian Institute of Technology.
[6]J. Courtial, D.A. Robertson, K. Dholakia, L. Allen, and M.J. Padgett,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 81,22 (1998).
[7]Iwo Bialynicki-Birula, Zofia Bialynicka-Birula, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78,13
(1997).
[8]McKelvey and H. Grotch, Physics for science and engineering, Harla ,1ed
(1980)
[9]Einstein A., Relativity, Special and General Theory (Translated by
R.M.Lawson) Crown New York, (1961).
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